Anabolic Steroids Experiences

Kill your children with sugar

A spoon full of sugar makes the medicine go down, but what do years of sugar-rich beverages do to our children? Tyler tells us how sugary drinks may ‘Kill Your Children.’ Lackey artfully delivers facts that should scare any conscious parent. He presents a simple solution: don't drink sugar. Of course, it's much easier said than done, since sugar-rich drinks endlessly fill supermarket aisles.....

IWF Bans Two More Weightlifters

The International Weightlifting Federation said Thursday it had suspended two more weightlifters who failed out of competition drugs tests, bringing the total number to seven.....

Doping cases at the summer Games

IT was not until 1967 that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned drug use at the Olympics.

This was prompted in part by the death of Danish cyclist Knut Jensen during the road race at the 1960 Games after taking amphetamines.

Full-scale drug-testing was introduced in 1972......

NIAMS Scientists Find Biochemical Switch Directs Muscle Building

Scientists may soon be able to influence muscle formation more easily as a result of research conducted in the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases' Laboratory of Muscle Biology. The researchers there and at institutions in California and Italy have found that inhibitors of the enzyme deacetylase can switch the pathway of muscle precursor cells (myoblasts) from simply reproducing themselves to becoming mature cells that form muscle fibers (myotubules).

Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the breast. Gynecomastia results from an altered estrogen-androgen balance, in favor of estrogen, or increased breast sensitivity to a normal circulating estrogen level.

Testosterone, is synthesized in males mainly by the Leydig cells of the testes (95%) and, to a much lesser extent, by zona reticularis cells of the adrenal cortex (5%). Two thirds of the circulating testosterone is bound to sex hormone–binding globulin. Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the target tissues. DHT is often considered the active form of testosterone. Testosterone is under the feedback regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by the pituitary gland.

Estrogen production in males is mainly from the peripheral conversion of androgens (ie, testosterone, androstenedione) through the action of the enzyme aromatase, mainly in muscle, skin, and adipose tissue.

The normal production ratio of testosterone to estrogen is approximately 100:1. The normal ratio of testosterone to estrogen in the circulation is approximately 300:1.




Various drugs are implicated in gynecomastia:

- Estrogens or drugs with estrogenlike activity such as diethylstilbestrol, digitalis, phytoestrogens, and estrogen-contaminated food and estrogen-containing cosmetics, which share a similar mechanism.

- Drugs that enhance estrogen synthesis such as gonadotropins, clomiphene, phenytoin, and exogenous testosterone.

- Drugs that inhibit testosterone synthesis or action such as ketoconazole, metronidazole, alkylating agents, cisplatin, spironolactone, cimetidine, flutamide, finasteride, and etomidate.

- Drugs that act by unknown mechanisms such as isonicotinic acid hydrazide, methyldopa, busulfan, tricyclic antidepressants, diazepam, penicillamine, omeprazole, phenothiazines, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, alcohol, marijuana, and heroin.